A Study on Multiplication and Utilization of Insects Pollinating Horticultural Crops

By Morimi Kobayashi

Translation:
Tables and Figures only 
The figures in the tables: see Japanese versions 
All Italics are by me (RH)

Chapter 2  
Study of dominant visitors in horticultural crops 
Section 1  
Aspects of dominant visitors in deciduous orchards 

Table 1 (p.10)
The research fields and environments according to the variety of trees
Variety
	Site	Year	Duration 	Environment of the site	
Apple	Nakano,
Morioka city	1962~64	3 years	Ex-Iwate Agricultural Experimental Station, Nakano Horticultural Experiment Station field. South facing slope of about 4°. South side of the site is flat rice field. North east side, pine tree wood and miscellaneous  wood on rocky mountain (345.1m²). Grass on the ground.
Main variety, Jonathan, 35 years old.   	
	Ueda(A), Morioka city	1965~71	7	Private orchard. 5ha. Cider, chestnut tree wood along north west of River Kitakami and cider tree and miscellaneous tree woods on the east side. On the south side, field and some houses, no river field. A work shop house , cowshed, pigsty and grass garden on the central north side of the orchard.   Mainly Jonathan, Ralls,  30 years old.	
	Iitoyo (B),
Kitakami city 

	1965~70	6	Next to Iwate Horticultural Experimental Station. Private orchard, 50a (=5000m²). Around the orchard is rice field. A stream, 500m north. Mainly Jonathan 26 years old. 	
	12 sites in Iwate Prefecture	1972	1	a~d site
Private orchards in a basin on the north side of Kitakami Mountains. Area mainly vegetable produce. Pine wood around the orchards. Some miscellaneous trees and grass field dotted around. Mainly Jonathan on the grass field, 2-~25 years old. 

l~h site
Private orchards on the mountain site but some rice field and houses around. Few trees and grass. Mainly Jonathan. 25 years old.

i~ l site
The orchards are in the rice field area. No trees and grass. ‘h orchard’ is on a slope in the Kitakami Mountains and opens up towards rice field. Some miscellaneous trees near by. Mainly Jonathan on grass field. 20~30 years old     	
Japanese pear	Ueda (a), Mrioka city	1967
1971	2	The same environment as the apple orchard. 10a. ‘Senryô’, 15 years old on grass field	
	Iitoyo (b) 
Kitakami city	1966	1	The same environment as the apple orchard. 10a.‘20th  Century’ 13 years old on grass field	
Western pear	Mizuwake, Tsukuba district	1969	1	A group of orchards, 40ha (4000a=400,000m²). Adjacent to the  Ôu  Mountains, miscellaneous wood on the west side, grass field, pine tree and miscellaneous wood on the north side. Opens up towards rice field on the east side. Farm houses on the south side. A stream in the centre of the group of orchards. Mild slope on the east side. Weed and grass. Mainly Burtlett(?) and La France(?). 10 years old       	
Peach	Iitoyo, Kitakami city
	1967
1971	1
1	Horticultural Experimental Station orchard 10a. Western pears, vines, chestnuts, apples are grown around the orchard. The orchard is in the rice field area. Mainly Ôkubo. 15 years old.  	
Plum	Ueda, Morioka city	1967~71	5	In the same orchard as apples and pears. Grass field. 34 years old. 	
Cherry	Iitoyo,
Kitakami  city	1970~71	2	The same environment as peach. 10a. Grass field. 9 years old	
Japanese apricot	Iitoyo
Kitakami  city 	1970	1	The same environment as peach. 5a	
Apricot	Iitoyo
Kitakami  city
	1969~72	4	The same environment as peach. 5a. 8 years old. 	
	Fukuoka, Nito city	1970	1	A private orchard,  on west facing slope. 5a. Around  Shirakaga main orchard is vegetable field with some houses. Grass field and some miscellaneous trees. Grass field. 12 years old   	

Table 2 (p.11)
Apple blooming date and weather (Orchards  A)
Variety 

year	Apple blooming date by variety, and a observation date 	Weather of observation date	Average wind speed	
	Jonathan	Starking Delicious			
	blossom starts	full
bloom	blossom
falling	blossom
starts	full bloom	blossom
falling			
1962	7th May	11/5 (11)	17/5	8/5	13/5	18/5	O	4.3m/sc	
1963	2/5	8/5(8)	16/5	_	_	_	O	2.2	
1964	4/5	9/5(9)	13/5	_	_	_	O	2..7	
1965	7/5	13/5
(11)	19/5	18/5	23/5	26/5	O	4.1	
1966	12/5	14/5
(13)	20/5	11/5	14/5	18/5	O	5.5	
1967	12/5	14/5
(16)	19/5	10/5	14/5	17/5	O	0.4	
1968	7/5	9/5
(10)	19/5	7/5	9/5	18/5	O	0.3	
1969	9/5	11/5
(14)	16/5	8/5	10/5	18/5	O	0.3	
1970	12/5	14/5
(17)	19/5	12/5	14/5	18/5	O	0.3	
1971	13/5	17/5
(18)	21/5	14/5	16/5	20/5	O	1.0	
(   ) research conduct date  O fine weather

Table 3  Temperature (˚ C) (p.13)
  Hour 

Year	8	9	10	11	12	1	2	3	4	5	
1965	12.5	14.3	16.2	18.0	18.7	18.5	16.7	16.0	14.8	15.2	
1966	13.0	17.0	19.6	21.4	22.0	22.5	23.5	23.9	23.0	21.9	
1967	16.0	17.0	17.5	18.0	19.0	19.0	29.2	19.0	16.8	16.0	
1968	15.1	16.0	18.0	19.0	19.7	20.0	20.2	19.8	19.0	18.5	
1969	14.8	14.3	19.5	21.0	24.0	25.6	26.0	22.0	21.0	20.0	
1970	13.5	14.5	17.0	17.0	18.5	17.5	17.5	16.4	15.0	14.5	
1971	13.0	15.0	15.5	19.5	20.0	23.0	22.0	21.5	21.5	20.0	

Table 4  Humidity (%) (p.12)
See translation in the text.

Table 5  (p.12)
Apple blossom date and weather (orchards B) 
Variety

year	Apple blossom date of different variety, and an observation date	Weather on obser
vation time	Avarage wind speed	
	Jonathan	Ralls	American summer pearmain	Starking Delicious			
	Blooming starts	Full bloom	Bloom falling	Blooming starts	Full bloom	Bloom falling	Blooming starts	Full bloom	Bloom falling	Blooming starts	Full bloom	Bloom falling			
1965	16	20
(18)	24	21	25	29	18	21	25	18	23	26	○	2.4	
1966	8	13
(12)	19	12	17
(18)	22	8	11
(10)	16	11	13
(13)	17	○	1.6 	
1967	5	10
(8)	16	11	15	23	7	11	15	9	13	18	○	1.8	
1968	5	11
(10)	22	8	14	24	3	6	18	6	10	17	○	1.7	
1969	9	12
(13)	15	10	14	16	6	11	13	9	11	14	○	3.0	
1970	10	13
(15)	18	12	16	21	9	12	7	11	13	18	○	1.1	
(   )Observation date, ○Fine weather

Table 6 (p.12):Temperature,
Table 7 (p.12): Humidity
Table 8(pp.13~16)
Visitors collected in apple orchards A
Table 9(pp17~18)
Visitors collected in apple orchards B
 &
Table 10 (pp.20~21) 
Visitors collected in apple orchards in different environment
See all translation in the text	

Table 11(p.22)
Family of visitors collected in apple orchards 
order	family	genus	species	
Spider(araneae)	1	1	1	
Plecoptera	1	1	1	
Hemiptera	1	1	1	
Lepidoptera	4	5	5	
Diptera	12	30	36	
Coleoptera	6	10	10	
Hymenoptera	8	13	17	
Total	33	61	71	

Table 12 (p.23)
Translation: heading only. (family,genus,species)
year	field	Plecoptera	Hemiptera	Lepidoptera	Diptera	Coleoptera	Hymenoptera	
		family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	

Table 13 (p.22)
Different visitors in two apple orchards in different environments 
(A: environment full of variety, B: rice field only) 
Order	family	genus	species	
	A	B	A	B	A	B	
Araneae	1		1		1		
Plecoptera	1		1		1		
Hemiptera		1		1		1	
Lepidoptera	3		3		3		
Diptera	11	4	28	12	29	15	
Coleoptera	4	3	5	4	5	4	
Hymenoptera	5	7	7	10	11	13	
Total	24	15	44	27	49	33	
 
Table 14 (p.23)
The composition and rate of visitors in apple orchards in different environments
  Environ
     ment

order	Mainly crops
 (4 orchards)	Number of Indivial‘s ratio %	Mixture of crops and paddy field 
(4 orchards)	Number of Indivial‘s ratio %	Rice field
(4 orchards)	Number of Indivial‘s ratio %	
	family	species	individual		family	species	individual		Family	species	individual		
Araneae													
Hemiptera													
Lepidoptera													
Diptera													
Coleoptera													
Hymenoptera													
Total													

Table 15 (p.24)
Predominant annual visitors in apple orchards A
(The figures in brackets are % of the total number of visitors)
Year	Order of predominance	
	1	2	3	4	
1962	Scaptomyza
Pallida Zetterstedt (28.7)	Apis mellifera
LINNE (18.5)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (10.3)	Spaerophoria
menthastri
LINNE (6.1)	
1963	Apis mellifera
LINNE (29.1)	Scaptomyza
Pallida Zetterstedt (20.8)	Eristalis cerealis Fabricius 
&
other
 3 species 33.3	Hylemyia platura
Meigen &
Other 3 species
16.8 	
1964	Apis mellifera
LINNE (31.2) 	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (18.7)	Spaerophoria
menthastri
LINNE (15.6)	Hylemyia platura
MEIGEN (12.5)	
1965	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (36.2)	Helophilus virgatus Coquilett
(22.1)	Melanostoma
Scalare FABRICIUS
(12.3)	Andrena sp.(8.8)
	
1966	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (50.5) 	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
(23.9)	Melanostoma
scalare
FABRICIUS (3.5)
&
Andrena sp. (3.5) 	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT (3.1)	
1967	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT (39.3)	Eristalis cerealis Fabricius (24.2)	Melanostoma
scalare
Fabricius (6.7)	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT (5.3)	
1968	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (28.3)	Apis mellifera
LINNE (25.0)	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT (13.1)	Andrena (Mitsukuriella) fukaii CCKERELL
(9.2)	
1969	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (48.4)	Lucilia caesar LINNE (13.4)	Apis mellifera
Linne‘ (10.3)
&
Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT (10.3)	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
(7.7)	
1970	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (39.3)	Melanostoma scalare
FABRICIUS (12.7)	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
(11.3)	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT (10.0)	
1971	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (21.3)	Apis mellifera
LINNE (13.6)	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
(12.1)	Melanostoma
scalare
FABRICIUS (7.9)	

Table 16 (p.24)
Predominant annual visitors in apple orchards B 
(The figures in brackets are % of the total)
year	Order of predominance	
	1	2	3	4	
1965	Melanostoma
Scalare
FABRICIUS (40.1)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (28.5)	Andrena sp.
(7.5)	Other 9species
(23.9)	
1966	Apis mellifera
LINNE (42.2)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (33.3)	Other 7species
(24.5)	 - 	
1967	Apis mellifera
LINNE (37.0)	Andrena sp.
(18.6)	Melanostoma
scalare
Fabricius (10.0) & Andrena (Mitsukuriella) fukaii COCKERELL (10.0)	Eristalomyia
Tenax LINNE (4.3)	
1968	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (40.2)	Apis mellifera
LINNE‘ (14.1) & 
Andrena sp. (14.1)	Andrena sp.
(11.8)	Andrena (Mitsukuriella) fukaii COCKERELL (7.4)	
1969	Apis mellifera
LINNE (78.8)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (6.3)	Spaerophoria
menthastri
Linne‘ (5.6)	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT (1.8)	
1970	Apis mellifera
LINNE (41.3)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (33.3)	Melanostoma
scalare
FABRICIUS (5.9)	Other 7species
(19.5)	

Table 17 (p.25)
Number of annual visitors collected in orchards A & B.
See translation in the text.

Figure 3 (p.25)
Changes in daytime activity of visitors
See translation in the text.

Figure 1 (p.26)
Annual changes of 8 predominant species in orchards A 
Figure 2 (p.26)
Annual changes of 8 predominant species in orchards B
See translation in the text

Figure 8 (p.27)
Daytime activity of 5 species of Diptera
See translation in the text.

Figure 9 (p.27)
Daytime activity of 5 species of Hymenoptera
See translation in the text

Figure 4 (p.28)
Daytime activity of 3 species of Syrphidae in different years
See translation in the text

Figure 5 (p.28) 
Daytime activity of 3 species of Muscidae by the year
(See translation in the text)

Figure 6 (p.29)
Daytime activity of 2 species of Hymenoptera in different years
(See translation in the text)

Figure 7 (p.29)
Daytime activity of 3 species of Hymenoptera in different years
(See translation in the text)

Table 18 (p.30)
Predominant species collected in apple orchards at different hours (orchard A)
The figures are in the text in p.30. Translation: heading only
Year 	      collecting hour

species	7~8	8~9	9~
10	10~
11	11~12	12~1	1~2	2~3	3~4	4~5	total	
		8	9	10	11	12	1	2	3	4	5		
1965	Temperature ºc												
	Humidity %												
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS												
	Helophilus virgatus Coquilett												
	Melanostoma
scalare
FABRICIUS												
	Andrinan sp.												
1966	Temperature ºc												
	Humidity %												
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS												
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT												
	Melanostoma
scalare
FABRICIUS												
	Andrinan sp.												
	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT
												
1967	Temperature ºc												
	Humidity %												
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT												
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS												
	Melanostoma
scalare
COCKERELL												
	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT												
1968	Temperature ºc												
	Humidity %												
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS												
	Apis mellifera LINNE												
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT												
	Andrena (Mitsukuriella) fukaii COCKERELL												
1969	Temperature ºc												
	Humidity %												
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS												
	Lucilia caear LINNE												
	Apis mellifera LINNE												
	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT												
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT												
1970	Temperature ºc												
	Humidity %												
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS												
	Melanostoma
Scalare
FABRICIUS												
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT												
	Calliphora lata 
COQUILLETT												

Figure 10 (p.31)
Number of hourly visits of 5 species of Hymenoptera 
Translation in the text

Figure 11 (p.31)
Number of hourly visits of 4 species of Diptera 
Translation in the text

Table 19 (p.32)
The pollen sticking state of the 6 visitors; 1966 Jonathan: full blossoms on 18 May 
                            organs
  
                       number of the
              individuals observed 

species              	Head	Chest	Abdomen	Legs	Pollen stuck insects	Pollen stuck insects 
%	
	much	average	little	0	much	average	little	0	much	average	little	0	much	average	little	0			
Andrena sp	23		1				1	4			4	2	2	7		2		21	91.3	
Andrena (Mitsukuriella) fukaii CCKERELL	10			2				3	1		1	1		1	1	1		10	100	
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS	10		1	1				2	1		1	1			1	1	1	8	80	
Sphaerophoria menthasri LINNE‘	20		1	2	3			1	3			3	2				6	7	35.0	
Calliphora lata
COQUILLETT	14							4				5		5				14	100	
Hylemia Platura MEIOEN	8				3				1				2				2	0	0	
Note: 
much: lump of pollen on the legs and much pollen stuck on the head and 
abdomen   
average: no lump of pollen on the legs but some pollen on the head and abdomen 
little: a little pollen on the head and abdomen
0: no pollen stuck 

Table 20 (pp.33-35)
Visitors collected from Japanese pear
(See translation in the text)

Table 21 (p.36)
Number of predominant 4 visitors collected from Japanese pears 
Translation: the first row only.
Hour	
                             Temperature C
                             Humidity  % 

Year
1966. Species                        
	
(Kitakami) Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
Apis mellifera LINNE
Syrphus japonicus LOEW
Hylermyia platura MEIGEN	
                            Temperature C
                             Humidity % 

1967	
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
Apis mellifera LINNE
Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
Andrena sp

                                           Temperature
                                           Humidity %   

1967	
	
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
1 sp. of Eucetonia pilifera Motsuchulsky
Andrena sp
Andrena (Mictandrena sp)
Apis mellifera LINNE	
 
Figure 12 (p.37)
Collecting position of visitors in Western pear orchards and environment (40ha area)
See translation in the text

Table 22 (pp.38-39)
Collected species in Western pear orchards
See translation in the text

Table 23 (pp.40-41)
Different species and number by the collecting checkpoint
Only the first row ( names of the insects) is translated here. A~E in the table refers to those in Figure 12 on page 37. 
                             Hour
Species                 Temperature C 
                             Humidity %	
A.(Centre)
  6.  (Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
  8.  (Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
  11. (Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE)
  15. (Graphomya maculata S COPOLI)
  19. (Oeremeridae Gn.sp.)
  25.(Andrena(Mitsukriella)fukaii COCKERELL
  
B. (East side)
  6.  (Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS)
  8.  (Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS)
  11. (Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE)
  24. (Andrena sp)
  28. (Osmia cornifrons (RADOSZKOWSKI)
  29. (Ceratina (ceratinidia) flavipes SMITH)

C. (West side)
  5. (Epistrophe balteata DEGEER)
  6. (Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS)
  7. Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
  8. (Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS)
  11. (Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE)
  12. Syrphus ribesii LINNE
  15 (Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
  24. ((Andrena sp.)
  25.(Andrena(Mitsukriella)fukaii COCKERELL)
  27. (Lagioglossum sp.)
  29. (Ceratina (ceratinidia) flavipes SMITH)
  30. (Apis mellifera LINNE)

D. (South side)
  2. (Halyomorpha brevis WALKER)
  4. (Cheilosia sp.)
  5. (Epistrophe balteata DEGEER)
  6. (Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS)
  8. (Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS)
  9. (Metasyrphus corollae FABRICIUS )
  11. (Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE)
  15. (Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
  16. (Lucilia caesar LINNE)
  24. ((Andrena sp.)
  25.(Andrena(Mitsukriella)fukaii COCKERELL)
  
E. (North side)
  1. (Ephemerae sp.) 
  4. (Cheilosia sp.)
  5. (Epistrophe balteata DEGEER)
  6. (Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
  7. Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
  8. (Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS)
  9. (Metasyrphus corollae FABRICIUS)
 10. ( Metasyrphus nitens ZETTERSTEDT) 
 11. (Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE)
 12. (Syrphus ribesii LINNE)
 13. (Xylota longa COQUILLETT) 
 14. (Graphomya maculata S COPOLI)
 15. (Calliphora lata COQUILLETT)
 16. (Lucilia caesar LINNE)
 17. (Harmonia oxyridis PALLAS)
 18. (Anostirus daimio LEWTS)
 19. (Oedemeridae Gn.sp.)
 20. (Pseudopyrochroa rubricollis LEWIS)
 21. (Chrysomllidae Gn. Sp.)
 22. (Cerambycidae Gn. sp.)
 23. (Proagopertha puicollis WATERHOUSE)
 24. (Andrena sp.)*
 26. (Andrena (Micrandrena) sp.)**
 29. Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes SMITH	

*& ** are the same words  in Japanese. But there are two different translations in the text so I put both translations here.

Table 24 (p.42)
Classification of visitors collected in Western pear orchards 
order	Family	genus	species	
Neuroptera				
Hemiptera				
Diptera				
Coleoptera				
Hymenoptera				
Total				

Table 25 (p.42)
Number of different insects at different checkpoints 
                     Site
 
Order	
centre	
east	
west	 
south	
north	
                      Family 
Neuroptera     Genus 
                      Species						
                     Family
Hemiptera     Genus
                     Species						
                    Family
Diptera        Genus
                     Species						
                    Family
Coleoptera     Genus
                    Species 						
                      Family
Hymenoptera  Genus 
                     Species						
                    Family
Total            Genus
                   Species						

Table 26 (p.43) 
Rate of the number of hourly visitors collected in different checkpoints (%)
Translation: first row only 
                  Hour

Site	
A (centre)	
B (east)	
C (west)	
D (south)	
E (north)	

Table 27 (p.43)
The order (up to the 4th ) of predominant visitors collected at different checkpoints 
        Order

Site	

1

2	

3	

4	
A  (centre)
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (43.0)	Anostirus daimio LEWTS
(29.0)	Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
(7.0)
Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE (7.0)
Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
(7.0)
Andrena(Mitsukriella)fukaii COCKERELL
(7.0)	

-	
B (east)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
(75.0)	Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
(6.2)
Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE (6.2)
Osmia cornifrons (RADOSZKOWSKI) (6.2)	Andrena sp.
(3.2)
Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes SMITH
(3.2)	

-	
C (west)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (33.3)	Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE (22.2)	Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
(11.1)	Andrena(Mitsukriella)fukaii COCKERELL
(8.3)	
D (south)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
(30.6)	Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
(25.3)	Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE
(18.6)	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
(10.6)	
E (north)	Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS
(29.5)	Oedemeridae GN sp.
(16.6)	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (11.8)	Chnysontlidae Gn sp.
(9.2)	
 
Table 28 (p.45)
Visitors to peach orchards and number of predominant visitors collected hourly
See translation in the text

Table 29 (pp.46-47)
Visitors to plum orchards
See translation in the text

Table 30 (p.48)
Annual visitors collected and their rate in plum orchards 
See translation in the text

Table 31 (p.49)
Classification of visitors collected in plum orchards
Year	1967	1967	1968	1969	1970	1971	
Variety	Terada	Soldam	Soldam	Soldam	Soldam	Soldam	
 Classification  

order
	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	family	genus	species	
Lepidoptera							
Diptera							
Coleoptera							
Hymenoptera							
Total							
(4 orders, 11 families, 33 genus and 41 species in total)

Table 32 (p.49)
Number of predominant visitors collected hourly (plum orchards)
Only first and second rows are translated here.
Research time	
Year	Temperature  ºC	
	Humidity %	
4th May1967
Weather fine 	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS	
	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT	
	Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS	
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT	
2nd May 1968
fine  	Temperature  ºC	
	Humidity %	
	Eristalis cerealis FABLICUS	
	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT	
	Lucilia caesar LINNE	
2nd May 1969
fine	Temperature  ºC	
	Humidity %	
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS	
	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT	
	Melanostoma scalare FABLICUS	
	Hyemyia platura MEIGEN	
6th May 1970
fine	Temperature  ºC	
	Humidity %	
	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS	
	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT	
	Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT	
	Ahdreha (M) tuka	
13th May 1971
fine	Temperature  ºC	
	Humidity %	
	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT	
	Eristalis cereals FABRICIUS	
	Apis mellifera LINNE	
	Lucilia caesar LINNE	

Figure 13 (p.50)
Daily activities of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (1967~1971. Soldam)
See translation in the text.

Table 33: 
Visitors collected in cherry orchards (p.51), 
Table 34 :  visitors collected in apricot orchards (pp.51-52), 
& Table 35: visitors collected in plum orchards (p.52). 
See translation in the text.

Table 36 (p.55)
The pollen sticking state of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in different plants.
Plant	Sex	Number of insects examined	Much	Medium	Little	0	Total sticking state	
Apple (Jonathan)								
Japanese pear
(Senryô)								
Plum
(Soldam)								
Cherry
(Napoleon)								

Table 37
The pollen sticking state of visitors (p.55)
Plant	Species	The number of insects examined	Pollen sticking state	The number of insects with pollen stuck to them	The % of insects with pollen stuck to them 	
			much	medium	little	0			
Apple	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
Sphaerophoria  menthastri LINNE Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
Hylemyia platura MEIGEN
Andrena 
(Mitsukuriella)
fukaii COCKERELL
Andrena sp					
Japanese pear	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
Apis mellifera
LINNE) 
(misprint ?)
Andrena 
(Mitsukuriella)
fukaii COCKERELL
Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes SMITH
Andrena sp					
Plum	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
Metasyrphus corollae FABRICUS
Bombylus major LINNE
Calliphora lata COQUILLETT
Apis mellifera
LINNE
Ceratina (Ceratinidia) flavipes SMITH
Andrena sp					
Cherry	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS Metasyrphus nitens ZETTERSTEDT
Helophilus virgatus COQUILLETT
Apis mellifera
LINNE
Andrena 
(Mitsukuriella)
fukaii COCKERELL
Andrena sp
Andrena (M) sp					
 
Table 38 (p.56)
The hourly pollen sticking state of Eristalis cereals FABRICIUS from Japanese pear (Senryô) trees
Translation: heading only
Hour	Sex	The number of insects examined 	Pollen sticking state	Number of insects with pollen stuck	% of the number of insects with pollen stuck	Total
(F+M)	% of
(F+M)	
			Muc
h	medium	little	0					

Table 39 (p.57)
The pollen sticking state of Eristalis cereals FABRICIUS in plum (Soldam) trees.
Translation: heading only 
See more translation in the text. 
Collecting hour	Sex	The number of insects examined	The state of pollen sticking	
			much	medium	little	0	

Table 40 (p.56)
The pollen sticking state of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS collected from Erigeron annvvs‘ PERS.
Sex	The number of insects examined	Much    medium     little      0	The total of insects with pollen stuck  	The % of the total insects  with pollen stuck	

Table 41 (p.58)
The reaction of adult insects (male) to different temperature
(The alphabets correspond to those in Table in the text)
A.	 Normal posture
B.	 Walking and standing still
C.	 Cleaning its limbs
D.	 Cleaning its mouth
E.	 Flying and walking
F.	 Walking excitedly
G.	 Standing upside down
H.	 Death

Table 42 (p.59)
The death state of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (adult) in 0°C condition.
Translation: first row only
                              Day
                               Hour

Examination	
F                   m=15
M                  m=15 	
The total of dead insects	
The rate of dead insects (%)	
The cumulative rate of dead insects (%) 	
Table 43 (p.59)
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS collected every 5 days of the months.
Month	Plant	Every 5 days of the month	
		1st    2nd   3rd   4th   5th   6th  	
5	Apple		
6	Apple		
7	Ergeron annuus PERS		
8	Alllium tuberosum Rottler		
9	Alllium tuberosum Rottler		
10	*Chrysanthemum		
11	*Chrysanthemum		
*Cushion mam

Table 44 (p.59)
Number of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in different environments and the number of eggs
                             Month

Environment	The number of adult insects 
(Confirmed oviposition spot – the number of eggs)	
	July                  October	
Miscellaneous trees wood in the mountain		
River		
Marsh		
Pond		
Field		
Cattle shed excrement disposal plants		
Rice field		

Table 45 (pp.59-60)
The state of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in different environments
                 Month          
Environment	The number of larvae (The number of pupae)	
	September                   October 	
River		
Field		
Marsh		
Pond		
Cattle shed excrement disposal places		
Rice field		

Chapter 3 
 Experiment on artificial multiplication of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS 
Section 1 
Experiment on rearing adult insects 

Table 46 (p.64)
The Result of rearing an adult Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS with different pollen
         Pollen

 
Research	Apple	A

Daffodil	A

Daffodil	Lily	Corn
(maze)	Tree peony	Squash	Tea oil plant	Camelli a	Honey	Cattail	
The amount of  pollen (g)												
The amount of honey (g)												
Rearing environment												
The number of insects reared												
Starting date of rearing												
Starting date of  death												
Starting date of oviposition												
Duration of oviposition												
Number of clusters of eggs												
Number of eggs unhatched												
Number of eggs												
Date of the last death of an adult insect												
Length of life												

Table 47 (p.64)
Number of eggs laid by Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS fed with different pollen foods
Pollen	The number of eggs in a  single site	The rate of  females laying eggs (%)	The number of sites where eggs are  laid 	Average eggs	
	Max.	Min.				
Apple					
Daffodil					
Lily					
Corn					
Tree peony					
Squash					
Tea oil plant					
Camellia					
Outdoor environment					
 
Table 48 (p.64)
The number of eggs laid by Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS collected outdoors (collected 4th April from apple trees)
See translation in the text.

Figure 14 –25 (pp.65-66)
See translation in the text 

Table 49 (p.67)
The effect of oviposition of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS fed with single pollen and mixed food 
Food	Cattail pollen only	Camellia pollen + Nikkariko*	Camellia pollen+ Bitâkon**	
 The number        
    of insects   
       reared

every five 
days of the 
month
  	The number of dead insects	The number of a cluster of eggs	The number of dead insects	The number of a cluster of eggs 	The number of dead insects	The number of a cluster of eggs	
							
* and **: I asked the member of Iwate Agricultural Research Centre about them. He thinks that they are the names of the insects’ food which have not been used much. He and other members in the centre don’t know exactly what they are as the paper was written 20 years ago.

Table 50 (p.68)
The copulation time of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (female: 25, male:25)
            Hour

Section	8   9   10   11   12   1   2   3   4   5	
The number of copulating insects    A		
                    B		
                    C		

Table 51 (p.68)
The days between the starting date of rearing and copulation date, and copulation date and oviposition date
                              Experiment No.

Matters of experiment	
1	
2	
3	
The days until copulation date				
Days between the copulation date and oviposition date 				
Total				

Table 52 (p.68)
The number of eggs laid on different things
The oviposition condition	The number of sites where eggs are laid	The number of eggs	
Soil			
Fine sand			
Vermiculite			
Porous sponge			
Sawdust			
(fed with camellia pollen; female:20, male: 20)

Figure 26 (p. 68)
The activity of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in rearing cage 
See translation in the text.

Chapter 3, 
Section 2  Experiment on rearing larvae, pupation and emergence.  

Table 53 (p.70)
The combination of artificial food for Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS larvae   
Agar
Chicken egg
Gravy
Milk casein
Dry yeast
Agar + Gravy
Agar + Soya bean casein
Agar + milk casein
Agar + dry yeast 	

Table 54, 55 and 56  
The composition of artificial food for Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS larvae, 
See translation in the text
Table 57 
The composition of corns & 58 The composition of food based on corns (p.71)
See translation in the text.
Table 59 (p.72)
The growth condition of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS fed with experimental foods
Ingredient	Area	Quantity cc	The number of eggs for the experiment	Hatching rate (%)	The number of larvae grown	The number of those which became pupae	The number of those which emerged	
Gravy								
Chicken egg								
Agar + gravy								
Agar + Chicken egg								
Soya bean casein								
Agar + soya bean casein								
Milk casein								
Agar								
Agar + milk casein								
Dry yeast								
Agar + dry yeast								

Table 60 (p.72)
The process of rearing Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS larvae (With the foods in table 54)
Translation: first row only
Generation	
Oviposition date
Hatching date
The number of eggs for experiment
Maturity date
The number of larvae grown
The rate of the above (%)	
The number of larvae for experiment
Pupation date (beginning)
Culmination date of pupation
The finishing date of pupation
The number of pupae
The rate of the above (%)	
The number of pupae for experiment
The first emerging date 
The culmination date of emerging
The finishing date of emerging
The number of insects emerged
The rate of the above (%)
The average temperature of the egg period
The average temperature of the larva period
The average temperature of the pupa period	

Table 61 (p. 73)
The size of larvae in different generations
Generation	Measured part	Number of insects examined	Average 	Maxumum	Minimum	Standard diviation	Reliance margin	

1	Length (mm)
Weight (mg)							

2	Length (mm)
Weight (mg)							

3	Length (mm)
Weight (mg)							

4	Length (mm)
Weight (mg)							

Table 62 (p.73)
The size of pupa by generation. 
Table heading is the same as table 61.

Table 63 (p.72)
The size of adult insects in different generations
The heading is the same as Table 62 except they measured the length of opened wings as well. 

pp.74-75
Figure 27
The growth of larvae in different temperatures (length)
Figure 28
The growth of larvae in different temperatures (weight)
Figure 29
Temperature and pupation
Figure 30
Temperature and emergence 
Figure 31
Rise and fall in numbers of pupation(June)
Figure 32
Rise and fall in numbers of emerging (June)
Figure 33
Rise and fall in numbers of emerging (August)
Figure 34
Rise and fall in numbers of emergence (September) 
See translation in the text.	

pp.77-80
Table 64 
The growth of larvae and the rate of pupation and emergence
Table 65
The size of larvae fed with different food
Table 66
The size of pupae fed with different food
Table 67
The growth of larvae, and the rate of pupation and emergence with different foods
Table 68  
The size of larvae on different foods
Table 69
The size of pupae on different foods
Table 70
Growth condition on corns and vegetables
Table 71
Growth condition on 3 different foods
Table 72
Growth result fed with heated or unheated agar 
See translation in the text  	

Table 73 (p.81)
The effect of preservatives and relative growth rate (+++ ~ much, ++ ~ medium, + ~ a little, - ~ 0)
Condition	Food	Number of insects for experiment	Preservatives (0.5% of 100g mixed food)	
			AF2	Sorvinate (?)	Benzoic acid	Dehydro acetic Acid Natrium	Sodium propionate	Calcium propionate	
Rotten smell	Soya bean	-	+++	++	+++	+++	+++	+++	
	Barnyard grass	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	
	millet	-	+	+	+	+	++	+	
	Corn (maze)	-	+	+	+	+	+	++	
Degree of mould	Soya bean	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	
	Barnyard grass	-	Spot of blue mould,
a little blue mould	A little blue mould	Medium white mould	-			
	millet	-	Much white mould	-	-	-	-	-	
	Corn (maze)	-	Much blue mould	-	-	-	-	-	
Number of larvae grown	Soya bean	15	0	0	0	0	2	4	
	Barnyard grass	15	7	0	9	11	9	0	
	millet	15	0	7	5	0	5	0	
	Corn (maze)	15	0	10	10	0	8	9	
Size of larvae grown (average)	Length (mm)
Weight (mg)		L	W	L	W	L	W	L	W	L	W	L	W	
	Soya bean	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.0	87.0	12.4	68.7	
	Barnyard grass	-	13.1	76.0	-	-	14.0	77.2	10.6	44.7	13.7	70.0	-	-	
	millet	-	-	-	10.7	30.5	14.6	79.0	-	-	11.2	54.5	-	-	
	Corn (maze)	-	-	-	14.4	81.2	14.9	98.7	-	-	12.9	65.2	14.0	83.0 	

Table 74 (p.82)
The relative growth according to the ratio of Sodium propionate in food
% of preservative in food				
Number of insects for experiment				
Number of insects grown				

Table 75 (p. 82)
The size of insects according to the ratio of Sodium propionate in food
% of preservative in food	Body length and weight	Average	Max.	Min.	Standard deviation	Confidence limit
(95.4%)	Emergence rate	
0.25
	Length (mm)							
	Weight (mg)							
0.5	Length (mm)							
	Weight (mg)							
1.0	Length (mm)							
	Weight mg							
2.0	Length (mm)							
	Weight mg							
 
Table 76 (p. 83)
Relative growth of larvae according to the different population in 100g of food*
	1	2	3	4	
Oviposition date					
Amount of food (g)					
Number of larvae					
Number of larvae grown					
Rate of growth					
Average length of body (mm)
n= 20					
Average weight (mg)
n= 20					
*Combination of food: the text says “we used the best combination based on barnyard grass. See table 51” but table 51 does not show the food combination. I think they mean table 58. 

(p.83)
Figure 35
The relationship between the larvae population density and growth rate
Figure 36 
The relationship between the larvae population density and body length
Figure 37
The relationship between the larvae population density and weight 
See translation in the text	

Table 77 (p.84)
The relative survival of larvae exposed to light for different hours and cold conditions (It is not clear whether they put the larvae in a cold environment in spite of the title) 
Translation: heading only 
Lighting hour	Number of insects for experiment	Number of days	Number of survivors	% of the survivors	Number of emergents	% of emergents	

Table 78 (p. 84)
The relative survival of larvae kept in refrigerator for different length of days
Translation: heading only
Rearing starting date 	Starting date in refrigerator
0°C	Number of insects in refrigerator	Coming out date from the fridge	Days in fridge	Number of surviving larvae	Number of pupae	% of survivors	

Table 79 (p.84)
The number of eggs (cluster) laid by Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in each ten days of the month throughout a year
Translation: heading only
     Each
  10 days

       
Month	First 10 days of the month	Second 10 days	The last 10 days 	Total	
	(Cluster)	Number of eggs	(Cluster)	Number of eggs	(Cluster)	Number of eggs	(Cluster)	

Table 80 (p.85)
The number of eggs (cluster) laid by Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS throughout a year
Translation: see in the text.

Table 81 (p. 85)
The food combination for rearing the larvae of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
Translation: see in the text.  

Chapter 4
Experiment for the utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS  
Section 1
The effect of utilization in apple orchard

Figure 37 (p.90)
Environment surrounding orchard where Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS released in Kawaguchi city Iwate prefecture 
Experiment area: 20a
They also chose 3 non-released orchards according to the distance and researched.
Translation: see in the text.
Figure 38 (p.90) 
The variety of apple trees and their positions in the orchard where Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS released 
Translation: see in the text. 

Table 82 (p.91)
Conditions in different releasing areas
Area A: Nito city, B: Morioka city, C: Mizusawa city
Area	Variety	Age of tree	Artificial pollination	Year	Size of area	Number of released insects per 10a	Released date	Released time	The condition of central flowers when released	Weather on released time	Wind speed	Temperature
°C	Way of transporting	
A (north of prefecture)	Starking
Delicious	23

24
	No

No							Cloudy
Fine
			Car

Car	
B (Centre of prefecture)	Starking 
Delicious	35
36
37
38	No
No
No
No							Fine
Fine
Fine
Fine			Car
Car
Car
Car	
C (South of prefecture)	Jonathan	18

19
20

21	No

No
No

No							Very fine
Fine
Cludy
Fine			Car

Car
Car

Car	

Table 83 (p.91)
Research condition of the above experiment (table 82)
Condit  ion  

Area	Released orchard	Non released orchard (comparison)	
	Year	Number of varieties	Research date	Number of trees per a variety	Number of cluster of flowers per a variety	Number of researched orchard	Number of varieties researched	Tree age	Artificial pollination	Research date	
A (North of prefecture)	1972

1973

1974								No

No

No		
B (Centre of prefecture)
	1972

1973

1974

1974								No: 2
Yes: 1
No: 2
Yes: 1
No: 5
Yes: 1
No: 4
Yes: 1		
C (South of prefecture	1972
1973
1974
1975								No
No
No
No		

Figure 39 (The environment of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS released in orchards {north of prefecture}) (p.92), Figure 40{Centre of prefecture} (p.92) and Figure 41 {South of prefecture} (p.93)
See translation in the text.	

Table 84 (p.94)
The pollinating ability of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS according to the removal of stamens from the central flowers of apples (Starking Delicious 8 years old) 
Experiment held on 29th May.
 Experime
       nt

Area	Number of flowers for pollination (American summer peamain)	Number of clusters for experiment	Number of central flowers for experiment	Number of fruits from central flowers	% of fruits from central flowers	Number of side flowers	% of fruits from side flowers	% of fruits from the cluster	
Relese F5
M5									
Natural state									
Area protected from insects*									
Area protected from insects: We removed stamens from central flowers before blossoming, covered with nets and released Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS when blossoming started.  

Table 85 (p.94)
The effect of fruition by 3 different visitors (artificially raised insects)    
Variety for experiment: Adult tree of Jonathan covered with lawn gauze(No.200) on 10th May
Examined on 1st June: fully blossomed 
*American Summer Pearmain     
 Experi
   ment 

Area 
Species	After release	Number of clusters for pollination *	Number of clusters	Number of flowers from the clusters	Number of flowers which had fruits	Number of clusters which had fruits	Number of central flowers   which had fruits	
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS								
Apis mellifera LINNE								
Osmia cornifrons (RADOSZKOWSKI)								
Area protected from insects except flowers for pollination 								
Area protected from insects								
Natural state								

Table 86 (p.94)
The effect of fruition by releasing the different number of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS  
(Variety for experiment: Ralls adult tree covered with lawn gauze on 8th May
Examined date: 29th May, full bloom )

Experiment

Number
of 
insects released	Cluster of flowers for pollination	Cluster of flowers for experiment	Number of flowers from the clusters 	Number of central flowers	Number of fruits from central flowers	Number of side flowers	Number of fruits from side flowers	
1								
3								
5								
10								
15								
Protected from insects								
Natural state								
 
Figure 42 
The relationship between fruition of central flowers and number of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS released 
Figure 43 (% of insects re-captured from different directions) (p.95)
See translation in the text.

Figure 44 (p.96)
The condition of the fruition of Jonathan central flower according to the position of trees
See translation in the text.

Table 87 (p. 97)
The rate of fruition of central flowers of Jonathan apples in different years
                  Year  

Research	
Non- release	
*	
	1966    1967    1968    1969    1970	1971 	
Total number of flowers examined			
Average % of fruition of central flowers of 3 trees			
*released year

Table 88 (p.97)
The activity of visitors 
                  Year
Orchard	1970 (18th May)	1970 (21st May)	
Released orchard	Andrena sp           1
Propylaea guatuordecimpuctata japonica THUNBERG  1 	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS            8 
Eristalomyia tenax LINNE
                       1
Apis mellifera LINNE   2      	
Comparison orchard A	Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS         1 	Andrena sp            1 
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS          1
Bibio yufiventrix DUDA 
                       2
Hylemyia platura MEIGEN
                       1	
Released orchard in 1970: 9-10 a.m. Comparison orchard 12-1 p.m.
Released orchard in 1971: 9-10 a.m. Comparison orchard 12-1 p.m.

Table 89 (p.97)
Weather from the latter third of April to May (Morioka Meteorological Observatory in 1971)
         Date

Temperature	April	May	
	25  26  27  28   29   30	1     2    3    4  	
Average temperature			
Maximum temperature			
Minimum temperature			

Table 90(p.98)
The effect on pollination of releasing Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS 
 Research 

Area	Variety	Examined trees 	Examined clusters of flower	Number of central flower	Number of side flower	% of fruition of central flower	% of fruition of side flower	% of fruition of cluster of flowers	% of fruition	
Released orchard	Jonathan
Star King Delicious

									
Non- released
orchard 
A

B

C	Jonathan

Star King Delicious

Jonathan

Jonathan									

Table 91 (p.98)
The rate (%) of pips in fruits compared with expected number of pips in fruits 
Position of fruit	 Research

Area	Variety	Examined trees	Number of fruits examined	Expected number of pips in fruits	Number of pips in fruits 	% of fruition of the number of pips in fruits (?) 	

Central fruit	Released orchard							
	Non released orchard
A
B
C							

Side fruit	Non-released orchard							
	Non-released orchard
A 
B
C							

Table 92 (p.99)
The activity of visitors before releasing (Prefecture north: A)
Year	Collecting hour	Species and number	
1971	1- 2p.m.
	Calliphora lata COQUILLETT          1
Epistrophe balteata DEGEER           1 
Hylemyia platura MEIGEN             1 	
1973	10-11 a.m.	Apis mellifera LINNE                  2
Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS        2	

Table 96 (p.99)
The activity of visitors before releasing (Prefecture south: B)
Year	Collecting hour	Species and number	
1972
1973
1974
1975	10-11 a.m.
10-11 a.m.
10-11 a.m.
10-11 a.m.	-	0
Hylemyia platura MEIGEN               2
Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS          1
-                                        0 	
 
Table 93 (p.100)
The effect of utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in apple orchards (prefecture north: A)
Year	Condition	Examined trees 	Examined cluster of flowers	Number of central flowers	Average fruition rate of central flower (%)	Side fruit	Average fruition rate of side fruit (%)	Rate of fruition of cluster of flowers
(%)	
1973	Released orchard	3							
	Non-released orchard for comparison  
A
B
C
D	

3
3
3
3							
1973	Released orchard	3							
	Non-released orchard for comparison  
A
C
D	

3
3
3
3							

Table 94 (p.100)
The activity of visitors before releasing (prefecture centre: B)
Year	Collecting hour	Species	Total	
1972	1-2 p.m.	Apis mellifera LINNE                       3
Hylemyia platura MEIGEN                  3 
Pieris rapae crucivora BOISDUVAL                1
Calliphora lataCOQUILLETT                     4
Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS                 4
Lucilia caesar INNE                             3
Harmonia oxyridis PALLAS                      1	

19	
1973	11-12 a.m.	Apis mellifera LINNE                            2
Calliphora lata COQUILLETT                    2
Hylemyia platura MEIGEN                       4
Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS                 1	
9	
1974	10-11 a.m.	Apismellifera LINNE                             5
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS                     2
Lucilia caesar LINNE                            1	      8	
1975	10-11 a.m.	Apis mellifera LINNE                            2
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS                     1
Melanostoma scalare FABRICIUS              1
Calliphora lata OQUILLETT                     1	
5	

Table 95 (p.101)
The effect of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in apple orchards (prefecture centre: B)
Year	Condition	Variety	Number of examined tree	Examined cluster of flowers	Number of central flowers	Rate of fruition of central flower (%)	Side flower	Average fruition rate of side flower (%)	Rate of fruition of cluster of flowers	
1972	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A*
B
C									
1973	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C									
1974	Released orchard									
	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C
D
E
F									
1975	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C									
A*: Artificially pollinated orchard
Table 97 (p.102)
The effect of utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in apple orchards
(Prefecture south: C)
year	Condition	Variety	Number of  examined trees	Number of clusters of flowers 	Central flower	Rate of average fruition of central fruits (%)	Side fruits	Rate of average fruition of side fruits
(%)	Rate of fruition of flowers (%)	
1972	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C									
1973	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C									
1974	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
B
D
D									
1975	Released orchard									
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C
D									

Table 98 (p.103)
The fruition of pips by utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in apple orchards
Area	Condition	Variety	Trees	Examined 
central fruits	Expected pips	Number of pips 	Average number of pips per  fruit	Rate of pips against expected number of pips (%)	
A
Prefecture south	Released orchard								
	Comparison orchard
A
C								
	Released orchard
Comparison orchard C								
B
Prefecture centre	Released orchard								
	Artificial pollination A 

Comparison orchard 
B
C								
C
Prefecture north	Released orchard								
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C								

Table 99 (p.103)
The ultimate fruition of released orchards
Area	Condition	Variety	Number of examined trees	Number of examined branches
(5years old branch)	Number of fruits	Number of fruits per a branch	
Nito
(A)	Released orchard						
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C						
Morioka (B)	Released orchard						
	Artificial pollination A

Comparison orchard
B
C						
Mizusawa C	Released orchard						
	Comparison orchard
A
B
C						
	Released orchard						
	Comparison orchard 
A
B						
 
Table 100 (p.104)
The effect of fruition by utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in a wider area
(The first year, 1975)
Research No.	Variety	Examined tree	Average of total flowers	Number of fruits by central flower	The rate of fruits from
central flower (%)	Average number of fruits from side flower 	Rate of average number of fruits from side flower (%)	Average fruits from   clusters	Rate of average fruits from clusters (%)	Average of clusters without fruits	Rate of average of clusters without fruits (%)	
Released orchard 
A
B
C
D												
Artificially pollinated orchard												
Non-released orchard												

Table 101 (p.104)
The effect of fruition by utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in a wider area 
(The second year, 1976)  
OrchardNo.	Variety	Examined tree	Total flowers	Number of central flowers	The rate of fruits from
central flower (%)	Number of fruits from side flower 	Rate of  fruits from side flower (%)	Number of fruits from   clusters	Rate of fruits from clusters (%)	
Released orchard 
A
B
C
D										
Non-released orchard										

Figure 45 (p.105)
The comparison of fruition of central flowers between Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS released orchards and non-released orchards
See translation in the text.

Chapter 4 
Section 2  The effect of utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS on vegetables

Table 102 (p.109)
The condition of examination to investigate an effective period of using Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS for green house strawberries (F:M=1:1)
Variety	Greenhouse No.	Area (m²)	Number of insects released	Released time	
			Once	Twice	Date, once 	Date, twice	
Danner(?)	    1   	   198	   150	   150	21st –25th March	4th-5th  April	
Semi- forced culture (planted in the greenhouse on 26th September)	   
    2
						
Semi- forced culture (planted in the greenhouse on 26th September)	    
    3 						
Table 103 (p.110)
The classification of malformed fruits
Classification	Form	
Cockscomb shaped fruits	Fan shaped or cockscomb shaped fruits	
Fruits with vertical grooves	*Fruit shape itself is normal but has vertical grooves 	
Imperfectly pollinated fruits 	Uneven shaped or tapered fruits	
*Where pips were undergrown grooves developed. 
Table 104 (p.111)
Number of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS visits to strawberries (5 minutes)
See translation in the text.

Table 105 (p.111)
The staying time of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS on strawberry flowers
See translation in the text.

Figure 46 (p.112)
Daytime activity of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in the greenhouse according to the released numbers (Variety: Danner(spelling?))
See translation in the text.
 
Table 106 (p.112) 
The hourly distribution of visitors (Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS) according to the position of the greenhouse in the area of mass release 
See translation in the text.

Table 107 (p.113)
The rate of visits after release (%)
Green
house No.	    Period

       Date

Number 
of released insects	After 4, 10, 15 days

25th,30thMarch,4th April  	Second- release	After 8, 13, 18, 23, 28 days

12th , 17th , 22nd , 27th April, 2nd May    	
1					
2					
3					
Variety: Danner (?), Release started on 21st ~ 25th March, Second release: 4th ~5th April

Table 108 (p.113)
The situation of the runaway insects from the greenhouse without insect retaining net
Translation: heading only
 Condition

Date	Released date	Number of insects released	Number of visitors	Visiting rate to the number of released insects	Number of insects moving to  neighbouring greenhouse	Temperature*	
*Checked at noon

Table 109 (p.114)The pollinating ability of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS variety: (Effect of fruition by removing the stamens Danner(spelling ?)),

Resea
    rch

Area	Number of flowers for research	Number of fruits with ripened 
seeds	% of fruits with ripened seeds	Number of right shaped fruits	% of right shaped fruits	Number of  malformed fruits	% of  malformed fruits	Number of fruits  un-ripened 	% of un ripened fruits	
Released area

Non released area	15

15	15

10								
Weight

Standar 
      d 

Area	Under 7g

SS					
Released area

Non released area						

Table 110 (p.114)
The effect of utilization of insects according to the number of released insects
( Outdoor strawberry: Danner(?); covered with lawn gauze)
Released area	 Quality

Number of fruits examined	Right shaped fruits	Malformed fruits	% of malformed fruits	
		Fruits over 5g	Under 
5 g	Over 5 g	Under 
5 g		
		Number of fruits	Average weight (g)					
10 insects

5 insects

Insect prevention

Natural state								

Table 111 (p.114)
The effect of insects on greenhouse strawberry (variety: Danner(?))
 Research

Area	Examined plants	Number of fruits
harvested 	Number of right shaped fruits	Number of malformed fruits	% of right shaped fruits	% of malformed fruits	
5 insects per 3.3m²	60	1821					
	Weight, g	17553					
6 insects per 3.3m²	60	1584					
	Weight, g	15468					
7 insects per 3.3m²	60						
	Weight, g						
Non released area	60						
	Weight, g						
A 198 m² wide greenhouse in each area; variety: Danner (spelling?); insects are released twice on 21st March and 4th April 

Figure 47 (p.115)
The amount of different size strawberries harvested from the area with different numbers of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS release (variety: Danner)
See translation in the text.  
Table 112 (p.116)
The effect of utilization of insects for greenhouse strawberry (amount of harvest)
(Iwate Prefecture Horticultural Experimental Station and Saihaku Branch Tottori Agricultural Experimental Station in 1972)
   Item

Area	Over 5 g	Under 5 g	Total	
	Number of fruits	Weight	Index numberof weight	Average weight of fruit (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	
Non released area

Released area									

Area	Over 5 g	Under 5 g	Diseased fruits	
	Right shaped fruits	Cockscomb shaped fruits	Vertical grooves	Imperfect pollination	Right shaped	Cockscomb	Vertical groove	Imperfect pollination		
Non released area

Released area										
10 early Hôkô variety plants were examined

Table 113 (p.116)
The effect of utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
(Miki Branch, Kagawa Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station and Iwate Prefecture Horticultural Experiment Station in 1972)

   Item

Area	Right shaped fruits	Malformed fruits: over 7 g	
	Over 7 g	Under 6.9 g	Degree of malformation: less	Degree: medium	Degree: very much	
	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	
Non released area

Released area		
 Item

Area	Malformed fruits: under 6.9g	Average weight of maximum size right shaped fruits	Average weight of minimum sized right shaped fruits	Length of fruit	Diameter of fruit	
	Degree of malformation: less	medium	Very much					
	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)	Number of fruits	Weight (g)					
Non released area

Released area		
1,000 insects were released on 12th February/ 20 plants (variety: Early Hôkô, {short cold culture}(?)) ; average 3 days

Table 114 (p.117)
The strawberry crops in greenhouse in different dates and the rate of non-pollinated fruits (Nara prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station, Iwate Prefecture Horticultural Experiment Station)
   Research

Date	Area	Crops	Weight (g)	non-pollinated fruits
(%)	Date	Crops	Weight (g)	Non-pollinated fruits (%)	

10th March	Released area

Non- released area

10th April		

20th March	Released area

Non-released area		

20th April		

30th March	Released area

Non- released area		

Total		

Table 115 (p.117)
The effect of utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS for greenhouse strawberry 
(Saga Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station, Iwate prefecture Horticultural Experiment Station, 1972)
    Item

Area	Quality	Total number of fruits	Total weight
(g)	Average weight of fruit (g)	Rate of malformed fruit (%)	Rate of commercialzation (%)	

10 insects per 3 m²	Right shape
Malformed
Rotten 

Total						

5 insects per 3 m²	Right shape
Malformed
Rotten 

Total						

Non release	Right shape
Malformed
Rotten 

Total						
Variety: Harunoka (force culture)   10 plants were examined

Table 116 (p.117)
The number of fruits on a greenhouse melon (Sunrise) plant 
(Saga Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station, Iwate prefecture Horticultural Experiment Station, 1972)
Number of plant

Area	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 19  20 	Total	Average	
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS rleased area

Artficial pollination area	

3  1  5  4  1  –  1  7  3  –   1   3   1   2   4   0   3   3   1  3

6  3  1  3  5  -   2  2  1  6   3  2   2    4    2   2  3  2   0   3  	

46

54	

2.6

2.7	
Item

Area	Average fruit weight	Diameter of fruits (horizontal)	Diameter of fruit
(vertical)	Net
appearing	Size of a flower vestige 	Thickness of the  flesh of fruit	Sugar	Pips per fruit	Number of fruits examined	
								Total number	Total weight	Ripened fruit pip

(?)	Weight of ripened fruit pip
(?)	Number		
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS rleased area

Artficial pollination area

LSD														

Figure 48 (p.118)
The activity of visitors on Strawberry flower receptacle
See Figure in text.

Table 117 (p.119)
Visiting rate of insects after being released
Time    Just after rleased   15 minutes    30 minutes    45 minutes   60minutes

Rate     30.0 %            70.0 %        86.7 %         96.7 %      93.3 %	

Chapter 5 
Section 1: The utilization of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS and its mass propagation facility

Table 118 (p.122)
Experimental project for the stabilization of fruition; the budget for Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS propagation facility
Income 
Item	This year’s amount due (Yen)	Next year’s budget
(Yen)	Comparison	Note	
			increase	decrease		
Subsidy from Ministry of Agriculture

City funds
Total				
Expenditure
Building
Refrigerator
Air conditioner
Water system
Electric equipment
Electric wiring
Power wiring
Incidental facilities
Drain system
Transport
Total				

Figure 49  (p.122)
Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS mass propagation facility (plan)
Alphabets correspond to those in FIgure
A~ Record and planning office
B~ Storeroom for food mixing
C~ Adult insect rearing room
D~ larvae rearing room
E~ larvae store room
F~ Air conditioner (heater and cooler)

Table 119 (p.122)
The use of facility
March 1974     Propagation starts
                Propagation repeats
                
May 1975      Practical use of insects to apple
               Total insects used: c. 150,000
             Area 14.55ha; 1,000 insects per 10a
             Number of agricultural cooperatives using insects: 4 
             Number of farms using insects: 55 
             Others, insects were used for greenhouse strawberries out side   
             prefecture
    
June         Propagation repeats

May 1976    Practical use of insects for apples
             Total insects used: c.240,000 
             Area: 17.20 ha; 1,000 insects per 10 a 
             Number of agricultural co-ops: 4
             Number of farmers: 50
             
             14 farmers
             Insects used for pear orchards: 120,000
             Insects used for greenhouse strawberries: 24,600  

Table 120 (p.123)
The result of practical use of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS in apple orchards
Year	Agricultural cooperative	Number of containers	Number of insects	Number of farmhouses	Area (ha)	
1975
(50th year of Showa)	Shitazaki
Kindaichi
City agricultural coperative
Kitafukuoka
Others
Total		

***42,900			
1976
(51st year of Showa)	Shitazaki
Kindaichi
City agricultural co-op
Kitafukuoka
Others
Total		

**120,000
*24,600			
*Used in greenhouse strawberry 
** Used in pear orchards
*** Used in pear orchards and greenhouse strawberry

Figure 50 (p.123)
The relationship of the rooms to raise Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
The numbers correspond to those in the Figure 
1  Recording and planning room
2  Adult insect rearing room
3  Pollen preparing and storing room
4  Larvae rearing room
5  Pupation and emergence room
6  Larvae storeroom
7  Food preparing and storing room
8  Practical use preparing room

Table 121 (p.124)
General description on the time necessary for rearing Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
(100 insects (50 females and 50 males; 200 eggs per a female {oviposition rate: 80%} )
Work content	Time (minutes)	Period
(day)	Total time	
Rearing adult insects	10 		1 .10 hour	
Collecting eggs				
Egg injection				
Rearing larvae (preparing food)				
Controlling the rearing of larvae
				
Collecting the raised larvae 				
Preparing the pupation				
Controlling the pupation				
Controlling the emergence				
Total				

 C5, Section 2: Utilization methods
Table 122 (p.127)
The survival state of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS during transporting
(7 Joint Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1972)
  research

Research place	km *	Departure date	Arrival date	Number of insects sent	Survivors	Dead insects	Number of pupation (alive)	Number of pupation (dead)	Not clear	Surviving larvae + pupae	Survival rate  (%)	
Tottori Agricultural Experimental Station												
Kagawa A.E.S												
Nara A. E.S. (1)												
(2)												
Ibaragi Horticultural E.S.												
Fukui A.E.S.												
Gunma H. E. S.												
Tokushima Fruits E.S. Jôban Branch												
Saga A.E.S.												
Kept inside  a plastic bag												
Kept inside  a double plastic bag												
Wrapped in  newspaper {in box (?)}												
Kept inside  a carton box												
Total												
*distance between Hanamaki city railway station and the station of the capital city in the prefecture where the joint research centres are 
A.: Agricultural, E.: Experiment S.: Station, H.: Horticultural  

Table 123 (p.127)
The state of emergence and pupation of the adult larvae during transportation
        Research

Research 
place	Condition	Number of insects for examina
tion	Pupation: starting date 	Pupation: finishing date 	Rate of pupation (%)	Rate of emergence (%)	
Tottori Fruit Experimental Station	Outdoor

Indoor						
Kagawa A. E.S.	Indoor						
Nara A. E. S.	20º C 	Once

twice						
Saga A.E.S.	20º C						
Fukui A. E. S.	Indoors						
Ibaragi H. E. S.	Green house
20º C						
Gunma H.E.S.	22º C 						
Tokushima Fruits E. S. Jôban Branch	20- 22º C						
A.: Agricultural, E.: Experiment, S.: Station, H.: Horticultural

Figure 51 (p.128)
Method of collecting the larvae sent here (Numbers correspond to those in the Figure)
1	Water tap 
2	The container which contains the larvae sent here
3	Container
4	Sawdust
5	Water
6	Wet sawdust
7	Putting the larvae
8	Container such as plastic box for strawberries
9	About 5 cm thickness

Table 124 (p.129)
The emergence condition of Eristalis cereals FABRICIUS transported in pupae stage
Distance	Place	Departure date	Arrival date	Number of insects sent	Number of emergence	Emergence rate (%)	
Great distance	Tokushima Fruits E. S. Jôban Branch,
20º C environment						
Medium distance	Tokyo A. E. S. (normal temperature)						
Near	Nito city
(sent by post)						
	Nito city
(transpoted by vehicles)						
A.: Agricultural, E.: Experiment, S.: Station, H.: Horticultural

Table 125 (p.129) 
The survival condition of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS transported in adult stage
  Condition

Place	Departure date	Arrival date	Number of adult insects sent	Surviving insects	Rate of survival (%)	
Tottori Fruit E.S. (brought in with somebody)						
Fukushima H.E.S.
(transported by vehicles)						
Nito city hall 	Once
2 times
3
4
5						

Figure 52 (p.130)
Diagram of sending and utilization of raised Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS 
Numbers correspond to those in Figure
1.	Emergence
2.	Pupation
3.	Propagation facility
4.	Sending in larva stage
5.	Intermediate facility for preparation
6.	Emergence
7.	Pupation
8.	Release at the field
9.	Emergence and releasing on site
10.	Releasing on site
11.	Emergence and releasing on site
12.	Preparing the pupation on site and release
13.	Methods in the case of near distance
14.	Methods in the case of great distance

Table 126 (p.131)
Standard for the use of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS for deciduous fruit trees 
Plant	Releasing time	Number of insects released per 10a	Releasing place 	
Apple	30~40% of central flowers blossom	Over 1,000 insects	In the centre of the orchard	
Japanese pear	3~4 days after blossoming	Over 1500 	Ditto	
Western pear	Same as the above 	Over 1500	Ditto	
Cherry	Early half of full blossoms	Over 1500	Ditto	
Plum	Same as the above	Over 1,000	Ditto	
Apricot	About 30% of the flowers blossom 	Over 1,000	Ditto	
Japanese apricot	Same as the above	Over 1,000	Ditto	

Table 127 
Standard for the use of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS for vegetables
Name of vegetable	Releasing time	Number of releasing times	Number of insects released per 3.3 m²	
Strawberry	When the first flower of 30~40 % of the plants opens	Once when early flowers open (Re-release when flowers in full bloom if necessary)  	5~10	
Melon	The beginning of the blossoming	Initially once: 
Full bloom once 	10	
Water melon	Same as the above	Same as the above	10	

Figure 53 (p.131)
General description of the period for using Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS for crops by frequent use of propagation facility
Numbers correspond to those in Figure in the text.
1	The growing period without the use of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
2	The growing period with the use of Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS
3	Deciduous tree
4	Greenhouse water melon
5	Greenhouse melon
6	Greenhouse strawberry
7  Propagation period

Chapter 6  The protection of visitors

Table 128 (p.133)
The influence of some pesticides against mites* on Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS (sprayed on insect’s body) 
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration
ppm	Number of insects examined	Passage of  time (hours)(cumulative death rate)	
			1   2   3   4    5   24 hour 	
vamidothion liquid 37%				
dicofol emulsion 40%				
phosmet hydrate 50%				
CBCBS aramite emulsion 60%				
chlorofenethol hydrate 35 %				
chloropropylate emulsion 22 %				
binapacryl hydrate 50%				
chlorophenamidine hydrate  60%				
chlorobenzilate emulsion 45 %				
phosalone emulsion 35 %				
Smite emulsion 55%				
Control				
*Some Latin names of mites appear in the text (right hand side of p.138).

Table 129 (p.134)
Pesticide against mites
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration ppm	Number of insects examined	Passage of  time (cumulative death rate) minutes
	The number of dead insects  after 24 hours	The death rate after 24 hours	
			15……………300			
Vamidothion liquid 30%						
dicofol emulsion 40%						
phosmet hydrate 50%						
CBCBS aramite mixed medicine 60%						
Chloropropylate emulsion 22 %						
Binapacryl hydrate 50%						
Chlorophenamidine hydrate 60%						
Phosalone emulsion 35 %						
Chlorofenethol hydrate 35 %						
Control						

Table 130 (p.135)
The influence of 2 pesticides against mites according to concentration (sprayed on insects’ body)
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration
ppm	Number of insects for examination	Number of dead insects (hour)	Death rate after 24 hours	
			1     3    5    24		
hlorfenthol (sic) hydrate 50%
(chlorofenthol ?)	1,000
500
250
125
63				
proclonol hydrate 40%	800
400
200
50				
isoxathion hydrate 40%	200				
control					

Table 131 (p.135)
The influence of 4 pesticides against mites according to concentration
(sprayed on insects’ body) 
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration ppm	Number of insects for examination	Passage of the time (number of dead insects)	Total number of dead insects after 14hours	% of dead after 14 hours	
			1…………….24			
Phenproxide emulsion 20%						
Phenproxide hydrate 50%						
Polynactins emulsion 40%						
Dicofol emulsion 40%						
control						

Table 132 (p.135)
The influence of organic phosporus medicine
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration ppm	Number of insects for experiment	Passage of time…(Number of dead insects: death rate is shown in  brackets.)	
			5 15………………70 minutes.	
Japanese words after the names of the medicine here are all translated to “hydrate”				

Table 133 (p.136)
The influence of pesticide against mites through ingestion
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration ppm	Number of insects for experiment	Passage of  time (Number of dead insects)	Death rate after 24 hours %	
			Just after, 17minutes, 20 m. 24hours		
Emulsion*					
Emulsion*					
Emulsion*					
hydrate *					
Emulsion*					
hydrate *					
Emulsion*					
liquid *					
					
*Translation: Japanese words only

Table 134 (p.136)
The influence of organic phosporus medicine through food
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration
ppm	Number of insects	Passage of the time (Number of dead insects)	Number of dead insects after 24hours	Death rate after 24 hours	
			40,50, 60 minutes	2, 3 24 hours 			
Japanese word after the names of the medicine are all translated to “hydrate”						
control						

Table 135 (p.137)
The influence of the pesticide applied to the soil
Translation: heading only

Date	Number of insect visits in the Acephate applied area 	Rate of visits in comparison to the number of released insects (%)	Number of visits without pesticide	Rate of visits in comparison to the number of released insects
(%)	

Table 136 (p.137)
The influence by contacting with medicine an hour after spraying
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration ppm	Number of insects for experiment	Passage of time (Number of dead insects)	
			30,40,50 ……….110minutes	
All the Japanese words after the names of the pesticide here are translated to “hydrate”				
control				

Table 137 (p.138)
The influence by contacting (remained effect) with pesticide
Pesticide for experiment	Concentration ppm	Days after sparay	Number of insects for experiment	Passage of time (death rate %)	
				15…60minutes	1,3, …24hour	
Japanese words after the names of the pesticide are all translated to ‘hydrate						
Control						

Table 138 (p.138)
Tendency of avoidance of pesticide ( honey with pesticide)
Pesticide for experiment 
+ 1g honey	Concentration ppm	Number of insects for experiment	Number of honey sucking times after giving the mixture 	
			Just after, 10 ……….60 minutes 	
Japanese words after the names of the pesticide are all translated to “hydrate”.				
control				

Table 139 (p.139)
Pesticide applied to apple trees from germination to the time just after flower fall in different years (from the almanac of apple tree protection from insects and disease in Iwate prefecture) 
Translation: first row only
See other translations in the text
                  Year of Showa

Period	
About 10 days after germination	
Leaves emerging 	
Just before blossoming	
During blossoming	
Just after flowers falling	
Note: Numbers after P: the number of organic phosphorus pesticides and other pesticides; after A: Number of pesticides against mites and other medicines; N: NAC medicine
Pesticide in Japanese in the table are all “PbHAsO4”

Table 140 (p.140)
The influence of pesticides on Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS 
See translation in the text.

Table 141 (p.142)
Combination of foodstuff to rear Eristalis cerealis FABRICIUS larvae
Foodstuff	Combination (g)	
	1      2     3     4     5     6	
Water		
Sodium propionate		
Dehydroacetic Acid		
Soya bean casein		
Milk casein		
Barnyard grass		
Corn (maze)		
Sawdust 		
Dry yeast		
Agar